Per Say or Per Se? Which Is Correct?

Last Updated on June 5, 2025 by Johnny Peter

English is full of phrases borrowed from other languages, and Latin is one of the most prominent sources. Understanding these phrases is essential for effective communication. However, many people get tangled up when it comes to using them correctly. “Per se” and “per say” are prime examples.

The confusion often arises from the way these terms sound. “Per say” can seem like a reasonable alternative, but in reality, it’s incorrect. In professional and academic writing, using the right terminology matters because it reflects your credibility and command of the language. This guide aims to clarify the correct usage of “per se” and provide you with valuable insights to enhance your writing skills.

What Does “Per Se” Mean?

The term “per se” is a Latin phrase that translates to “by itself” or “in itself.” It is used to indicate that something is being considered alone, without reference to any other factors or influences. In other words, it highlights the inherent qualities of a subject.

Examples of “Per Se” in Use

Legal Context: In legal discussions, you might hear: “The act was not illegal per se, but it may have violated other laws.”
Academic Writing: A scholar might write: “The theory is not proven per se, but it offers valuable insights into the topic.”

Understanding the meaning of “per se” allows you to use it correctly and effectively in your writing. Here’s a quick breakdown of its origin:

Latin Phrase	English Translation
per se	by itself

Why “Per Say” Is Incorrect

The phrase “per say” is a common error rooted in the phonetic similarity to “per se.” It often occurs in casual conversation and informal writing. However, using “per say” can undermine your credibility, especially in professional settings.

Common Misunderstandings

Phonetic Confusion: The sound of “per say” can trick people into thinking it’s the correct term, especially if they’ve heard it spoken incorrectly.
Auto-Correct Mistakes: Technology sometimes contributes to the confusion. Auto-correct features may change “per se” to “per say,” perpetuating the error.

By recognizing why “per say” is incorrect, you can avoid this pitfall in your own writing.

How to Pronounce “Per Se” Correctly

The correct pronunciation of “per se” is /pɜːr ˈseɪ/. Pronouncing it correctly can help you avoid misunderstandings in spoken communication.

Tips for Pronunciation

Break It Down: Practice saying “per” and “se” separately before combining them.
Listen to Examples: Find audio resources or videos that demonstrate the correct pronunciation.
Repetition: Say the phrase aloud multiple times until you feel comfortable with it.

Correct pronunciation reinforces your command of the phrase, making you sound more confident in conversations and presentations.

How to Use “Per Se” in a Sentence

Using “per se” correctly in a sentence can enhance your writing. Here are several examples across different contexts:

Examples in Different Contexts

Legal: “The defendant’s actions were not criminal per se, but they raised ethical questions.”
Academic: “The results were promising per se, indicating a need for further research.”
Casual: “This food is healthy per se, but it can still contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess.”

Table: Right vs. Wrong Usage

Correct Usage	Incorrect Usage
“The painting is beautiful per se.”	“The painting is beautiful per say.”
“This argument is valid per se.”	“This argument is valid per say.”

Quick Tips for Usage

Use “per se” when emphasizing the intrinsic qualities of something.
Avoid using it in informal or casual contexts unless you’re certain your audience understands it.

When Should You Use “Per Se”?

Guidelines for Appropriate Usage

Clarity: Use “per se” when you want to clarify that you are discussing something in its own right.
Formal Writing: It is more suitable for academic, legal, or formal writing than for casual conversation.
Nuance: “Per se” adds nuance to your argument or statement, showing that you are considering the subject independently.

Examples of Appropriate Contexts

In a research paper discussing theories: “The theory is significant per se, regardless of its applications.”
In a legal document assessing actions: “The action is not prohibited per se, but the intent matters.”

Common Mistakes People Make with “Per Se”

Misusing “per se” can happen to anyone, but being aware of common mistakes can help you avoid them.

Typical Misuse Examples

Mispronunciation: Saying “per say” instead of “per se.”
Incorrect Context: Using “per se” in casual conversations where simpler language would suffice.
Overuse: Using “per se” too frequently can make your writing sound pretentious or overly formal.

Grammar Myths Surrounding “Per Se”

Myth: “Per se” is outdated and shouldn’t be used in modern writing.
- Fact: While it may seem less common in everyday conversation, “per se” remains relevant in academic and professional contexts.

Recognizing these common mistakes can help you use “per se” correctly and effectively.

Fun Fact: Other Latin Phrases We Still Use Today

Latin phrases have a significant influence on the English language. Here are a few other commonly used Latin terms:

Common Latin Phrases

Latin Phrase	Meaning
Et cetera	and other things (etc.)
Vice versa	the other way around
Status quo	the existing state of affairs
Pro bono	for the public good

Each of these phrases has a specific meaning and can enhance your writing when used appropriately, just like “per se.”

Is “Per Se” Considered Formal?

Levels of Formality

Understanding the formality of language is crucial in communication. “Per se” is considered a formal phrase and is best suited for:

Academic Writing: Research papers, essays, and scholarly articles.
Legal Documents: Contracts, legal briefs, and court documents.
Professional Communication: Business reports and formal presentations.

Should You Use “Per Se” in Business Writing?

In business writing, it’s essential to maintain a professional tone. Using “per se” can be appropriate when discussing topics that require precision or technical language. However, always consider your audience. If your readers may not be familiar with the term, it might be better to use simpler language.

Alternatives to “Per Se”

While “per se” is valuable, there are synonyms and phrases that convey similar meanings without the potential for confusion. Here are some alternatives:

Synonyms and Phrases

In itself
By itself
Essentially
As such

When to Use Alternatives

Use simpler phrases in casual or informal contexts.
Opt for synonyms when you want to ensure clarity for a broad audience.

Examples in Pop Culture, Media, and Law

Use in Media

You may encounter “per se” in various forms of media, including:

TV Shows: Characters may use the term in legal dramas or academic settings.
Books: Authors often incorporate the phrase to lend authority to their arguments.
News Articles: Journalists may use “per se” when discussing legal matters or specific topics.

Legal Examples

In legal contexts, “per se” is frequently used to denote specific laws or regulations. For example, a lawyer might state, “The act is per se illegal under the new statute.” This emphasizes the inherent illegality of the action without needing further explanation.

Grammar Experts’ Take on “Per Se”

Language experts often emphasize the importance of correct usage. According to the Chicago Manual of Style:

“Using ‘per se’ correctly demonstrates an understanding of language nuances and can enhance the clarity of your writing.”

Experts agree that maintaining precision in language is crucial for effective communication. Misusing terms can lead to misunderstandings and diminish your credibility as a writer.

Visual Comparison: “Per Se” vs. “Per Say”

To visually reinforce the difference between “per se” and “per say,” consider the following table:

Feature	Per Se	Per Say
Meaning	by itself	incorrect phrase
Correct Usage	Formal, academic, legal contexts	Casual, incorrect usage
Examples	“This issue is serious per se.”	“This issue is serious per say.”

This comparison helps clarify the distinction between

2/2

4o mini

ChatGPT said:

the correct and incorrect forms.

Final Thoughts: Mastering “Per Se” Once and for All

Using “per se” correctly can elevate your writing and speech. It adds a layer of sophistication and precision that demonstrates your command of language. Avoiding the common mistake of saying “per say” is a small change that can make a big difference.